Thursday, September 3, 2020

Business Communication Managing and Organizations

Question: Examine about theBusiness Communicationfor Managing and Organizations. Answer: Presentation Strife emerges when thoughts and assessments of people conflict with one another. Since no association is liberated from this viewpoint, it is basic to take note of how the equivalent is overseen and used in realizing any critical change in the working of the association. The diagram of this examination is to break down and clarify the advantages which emerge out of clashing circumstances. Clashes can be outfit to create positive results by sustaining the possibilities of fluctuated assessments. Appropriate correspondence among people and organizations help in tending to varying and clashing sentiments to show up at an economical arrangement. Compromise prepares for usage of key targets of an association (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Above all else, strife is unfortunate in its inalienable state however in the event that one goes further into the logical piece of a contention circumstance and discover the purposes for the equivalent, and afterward it turns out to be anything but difficult to handle it (Scott and Davis 2015). Goals of a contention must be done in case it turns crazy. There are a few advantages of contention, since every single thought of an individual may not agree with others in a similar group or between offices additionally with regards to actualizing them in general. Proposition of a thought by a specific individual typically varies from someone else and both can sit over the table and talk about their advantages and traps, with the goal that both their thoughts can be gathered by fusing certain focuses, accordingly diffusing the contention all the while. In this specific situation, correspondence assumes a significant job in diffusing clashes, as without legitimate insinuation of ones contemplations and thoughts may take disproportional measures later on, which no one seeks for (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). Conveying through the correct channel is the most wanted way a worker ought to hold fast to while airing any complaints, assuming any. One of the most significant advantages of a clashing circumstance in an association is that it draws in the workers to a noteworthy degree concerning germination and introduction of thoughts. In a free and popularity based set up, where representatives are roused and urged to give imaginative plans to improvement of work culture and work process, the association benefits all in all the same number of thoughts are propounded for grouping them and investigate them before actualizing them (Wheelan 2014). Strife offers ascend to greater commitment among the representatives, who become progressively engaged at their work, which thusly expands their profitability. In a gathering situation, strife mirrors their degree of commitment as every single one is partaking in the conversation and keeping them occupied with their work, as in organizations like General Electric, Google, Apple. A sound clash gives an ideal scenery to examine every others objectives and targets and what their vision is, both temporarily and long haul (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis 2015). At the point when somebody feels good sharing his/her thoughts with the individual who isn't on the same wavelength, at that point it reinforces their drawn out relationship, which gets gainful for the more extensive objectives and targets of the association. At the point when the representatives of a substance are allowed to air their thoughts and sentiments openly and in an adaptable way, at that point they get spurred to put their focuses on the table and explain their questions. They understand their incentive in the association and will in general be related with it for a more drawn out timeframe. Appropriate correspondence of thoughts is the initial phase in understanding the objectives and targets of an association (Hatch and Cunliffe 2013). Struggle will emerge when conflict of thoughts happen and in this lies the essence of the contention angle. In this unique circumstance, an ever increasing number of thoughts get created, prompting serious consultations of those thoughts and tackling them to deliver the ideal result. Fresher and better thoughts help furnish an element with the imperative arsenal to remain at an upper hand over others, delivering better nature of merchandise and ventures in the days to come. Through clash, we come to understanding or conflict with others points of view and afterward make decisions while choosing the best other option (Anderson, Poto?nik and Zhou 2014). Receptiveness to new thoughts and acknowledgment of negatives are the cornerstones to planning and accomplishing better outcomes for the association. We prepare for others for taking in their view over something which we may differ so as to be adaptable in our methodology. More transparency and lowliness is an indication of more noteworthy capacity to bear an association. By tuning in to others feelings, workers and the board faculty tend be accommodative towards one another through contentions and arrangements. Predominant demeanor offers approach to adaptability through dynamic cooperation in deciding. So as to settle on brilliant and productive choices, listening capacity ought to be there among the representatives; else the very reason for setting targets would be crushed (Cummings and Worley 2014). Since struggle of thoughts sprout from conflicts of varying assessments of workers in an association, new contemplations are brought into point of view and they are pondered upon for picking the best among the part. At the point when arrangement happens among the dynamic power, they generally endeavor to put over the shared characteristic of thoughts, propounded by a couple of them, without considering some new thoughts, which may demonstrate gainful over the long haul (Hatch and Cunliffe 2013). With regards to detailing another methodology for propelling any new item or administration, at that point the organizations which have adaptable work culture in their association make more prominent progress proportion contrasted with their partners. Taking into account the above conversation, it very well may be deduced that, contention has a few advantages, which will not be looked from the viewpoint of any negative angle, since it harvests rich profits for any association, who wishes to be adaptable in their working. New thoughts bring new points of view, along these lines expanding the decisions before a firm for defining its objectives and targets and getting remunerated for the equivalent. It goes about as a persuasive instrument for the representatives, who consider it to be an impetus for their proceeded with association and devotion to work, along these lines instilling a feeling of having a place through support in key dynamic exercises. Subsequently, achievement of an association relies upon numerous variables and strife is one of them, which draws out the best through adaptability in permitting workers to put their thoughts and extension for development over the table. References: Anderson, N., Poto?nik, K. also, Zhou, J., 2014. Development and innovativeness in associations: A condition of-the-science survey, forthcoming discourse, and directing framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. also, Pitsis, T., 2015.Managing and associations: A prologue to hypothesis and practice. Sage. Cummings, T.G. also, Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization turn of events and change. Cengage learning. Goetsch, D.L. furthermore, Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality administration for hierarchical greatness. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Bring forth, M.J. what's more, Cunliffe, A.L., 2013.Organization hypothesis: present day, representative and postmodern points of view. Oxford college press. Scott, W.R. furthermore, Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and sorting out: Rational, normal and open frameworks points of view. Routledge. Wagner III, J.A. furthermore, Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational conduct: Securing upper hand. Routledge. Wheelan, S.A., 2014.Creating powerful groups: A guide for individuals and pioneers. Sage Publications.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Personal Management Framework Paper (Evolution of Management Class Essay

Individual Management Framework Paper (Evolution of Management Class - Essay Example Drucker (1999) illuminates that Karl Marx and numerous different scholars acquainted hypotheses with depict and offer last input on the idea of two sorts of laborers, in any case, they were not effective in light of the fact that they needed realistic experience. With the progression of time, reasonable estimating was there alongside practical information on the working situations. As per Drucker (1999), the pioneer of the idea of proficiency or profitability of the laborers corresponding to useful information was Fredrick Winslow Taylor. After his depiction of the idea, the consideration of scholars occupied to the productivity of laborers according to the growth of monetary framework. It was because of the creative idea of Fredrick Winslow Taylor that the Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory appeared and its name is characteristic of Taylor’s commitment. Alongside Taylor, different scholars like Maslow, Gilbert and numerous others likewise moved in the direction of f raming a last sentiment about the idea of profitability of laborers. It is a result of the expressed speculations that these days, these methodologies are applied in real workplaces to build the proficiency of the laborers. This paper examines my own structure and addresses the presumptions, worth, convictions, and any important practices. Also, it coordinates important administration hypotheses and scholars that are fundamental to the establishment of my structure and incorporates the job of the supervisor, specialist, and association in my system. Present Management Assumptions, Values and Practices The adjustment in the authoritative structure by the progression of time is getting progressively troublesome and enormous. Time has caused this change and now the genuine significance of the profitability in feeling of laborers is acknowledged all inclusive. Scholars and analysts proposed numerous speculations related about expanding the profitability of laborers and by laborers, howe ver in today’s condition none of these hypotheses can be absolutely applied to the authoritative structure. The purpose for the flaw of these speculations of the board by and by is that these hypotheses advanced when the business was developing and numerous scholars introduced these at the beginning periods of the developing ventures. A portion of the hypotheses are applied today by the administration. Around then these hypotheses of the board were believed liable to be right to build the laborers efficiency at a most extreme level. At time of this advancement ventures were spreading at a more prominent pace all around the globe. In more seasoned days, when industry was developing administration was not specific about the worker’s profitability as in the laborers are considered as machines and they are not intellectually and genuinely mitigated rather just essential need are satisfied by the administration. Yet, presently a day laborers are not considered as machines a nd the administration needs to stress over different needs of the laborers as well. Presently a day laborers have some different extravagances and their fundamentals in term of necessities. Taylor suppositions about the authoritative structure as far as its laborers and recommends about the fundamental characteristic of laborers in an association that various specialists are not known about their work and still numerous hierarchical

Friday, August 21, 2020

Tourism Botswana

Right now, Botswana has formed It's travel Industry Into one that provides food for the extravagance voyager; offering very good quality safaris and sumptuous housing. Nonetheless, Botswana two shopping center economies are going to a crossroads and the capacity to keep up the development that their economy is encountering will be straightforwardly controlled by which way the nation at last picks. The Dilemma Diamonds, in truth, are not everlastingly and experts anticipate that Botswana jewel hold will be essentially lessened in twenty years.With the gigantic benefits that precious stones bring, Botswana concentrated on the jewel business and as result the economies absence of enhancement is clear. Botswana now needs o tackle this issue while there is still time to enjoy the advantages of the precious stone industry and start making the vital arrangements for Its inevitable substitution. The travel industry, It appears, Is the normal advance for the nation to take, yet it comes with Its own challenges.Countries everywhere throughout the world face a compensation task; the battle to discover a harmony between cultivating a developing economy while both securing and slowing down the earth. In the event that Botswana decides to grow its travel industry, there will be incorporated, that will be the primary fascination. To put it plainly, it is movement of the economy raises the conservation of nature. Affected Parties Ultimately, it is the natural life and the scene that will follow through on the greatest expense if a flood is the travel industry is too steep.As people move further and further into immaculate land, our imprint is self-evident; contamination, development, and loss of living space will happen. Preservation endeavors will be significant â€Å"Because the travel industry tends to crush or if nothing else jeopardize its own benefits, the insurance and protection of its common habitat is imperative† (BID). Preservation bunches in Botswana will be anxious to hear what estimates will be taken to secure the earth.

Saturday, June 13, 2020

Point of View and Narration in Kingsolvers The Poisonwood Bible - Literature Essay Samples

The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, is a scathing critique of the destructive nature of pride and ambition, its narrative spanning over thirty years to reveal the tragic shortcomings of evangelist Nathan Price and the Western colonial attitudes he represents. In order to personalize the epic scope of the novel, Kingsolver writes in the first person, alternately inhabiting the minds of the four Price sisters and their mother, Orleanna. Although the hotheaded preacher, Nathan Price, is usually caught at the heart of the storys conflicts, the primary storytelling vehicles are his daughters, with his wife serving as a poetic footnote at key moments in the narration. Thus, the book can be read as five separate, but interdependent, stories, interwoven to form a coherent movement from beginning to end. On the stage of the Congos struggle for political independence, the saga of the Price family unfolds as a morality play, making the use of perspective and point of view critical to Kingsolvers rhetorical purpose. Rather than reading Nathan Prices self-righteous explanations of his own actions, the reader is given five different personalities through which to understand the failure of the Price family mission. Through the clever use of individualized voices, the author is able to bring together a three dimensional portrait of an evangelist possessed by great zeal but, ultimately, lacking in knowledge. Of the five narrative voices, Leah acts most often as her fathers apologist, often explaining and reasoning through her fathers actions in the first half of the book. This support comes not from a desire to squelch the native cultures, however, but from genuine faith and compassion. Thus, as her father slowly dwindles into a self-righteous mouthpiece for Western colonialism, Leahs respect for him gradually ebbs. Her moral qualities remain, but they begin to find new expression in politics as the story progresses, signifying a slow turn from abstract religious thou ght to concrete moral action. The other sisters take a more ambivalent approach to their fathers actions. Rachel, in particular, reveals a self-centered personality more concerned with pleasure than ideology. Adah, on the other hand, demonstrates an abstract, but intelligent perspective, colored by her crippling birth defect. She is piercingly cynical, but her insights and observations are always keen, and she comes off as the most intellectual of the sisters. There is a note of irony in the fact that, from the outside perspective of the other narrators, Adah is viewed as intellectually deficient because of her silence. Yet, when the reader is taken inside Adahs mind, the contrast between what others observe about Adah and what Adah is capable of is shocking. In a sense, the crippled girl is used as a metaphor for Africa and its relationship with Nathan Price. Like Adah, Africa is viewed as deficient from an outside perspective, but if one could only see things through the eyes of the Congolese people, the picture would be starkly different. In fact, the closest thing to an African voice that Kingsolver provides is Nathans wife, Orleanna. Ruined by the guilt of having lost her youngest daughter to the harsh Congo, Orleannas brief entries into the narrative take the form of poetic meanderings, often describing Africa as a living person haunting the Price familys past. In contrast to Orleannas writings, Ruth May takes a double role. In the earlier parts of the book, she writes as any other five-year-old, with an adventurous but often naive perspective. After her death, however, she becomes a silent figure lurking somewhere in her mothers memory, a symbol of the familys guilt and an indictment of misguided ambitions. This guilt presses on Orleannas conscience until the last chapter, in which the deceased Ruth May expresses her forgiveness for her mothers mistakes. Here the voice of Ruth May takes a turn so drastic that the reader does not know it is her speakin g until the end of the chapter. No longer the five-year-old girl, Ruth May has become something of an angelic figure, and her speech has been altered to reflect a more poetic, ascended feeling. In a sense, then, she becomes a metaphor for the Christian idea of rebirth; an illustration of things destroyed on Earth made anew in the afterlife. Because her perspective has been broadened in the spiritual afterlife, she is able to forgive not just the shortcomings of her own family, but of the entire effort to civilize the Congo. As an ascended figure able to offer forgiveness, she acts as a subtle symbol for Jesus Christ. Because this novel deals so heavily with morality, ethics, and politics, it could all too easily become a one-sided argument for a particular point of view. By allowing the reader to learn about events through the eyes of Nathan Prices family, however, Kingsolver is able to paint a fully believable portrait of this prideful evangelists struggle. Rather than condemning or exalting the Price family mission, the author presents the impact that it has on five individual personalities, and, by extension, on the Congolese people. This creates an effect of realism and forces the reader to consider the story from different viewpoints and, in the case of Adah, even different belief structures. For the evangelical Christian, this acts as a profound reminder of the fact that the manner in which we present our message is as important as the message itself, which is the underlying theme of the novel.

Sunday, May 17, 2020

History of Psychology Essay - 2242 Words

Dating back 65000 years, Aborigines have had the longest continuous culture. The Aborigines believed and lived in the ‘Dreamtime’. The ‘dreamtime’ refers to the time when land and humans were created, and when ancestors and spirits came to earth and created everything. Every tribe had their own dreamtime and was passed down through storytelling. The Aborigines connection was either through the Wandjina or the rainbow serpent depending on the tribe. For the Aboriginals the world is sacred and has to be honoured. For the Aborigines everything is related to everything else therefore man was related to fellow man, animals, stars and the cosmos (Bowles, 2010). Even the men and women were equal because they were equally divine. The Aborigines†¦show more content†¦For the Aborigines everything has meaning and is spiritual unlike our secular society today whereby only 2% of the Britain population actually attend church. There is no gods or the spiritual wor ld anymore. It’s all about reason and rationality. The society today tends to believe more in science than intuition. Moving on to see how the psyche was imagined through works of Hesiod and Homer in the 7th Century B.C. Hesiod tells us that the world parents were Gaia and Uranus (Bowles, 2010). According to the module workbook Uranus was a tyrannical god and feared that his children would usurp his power and therefore he hid them in the underworld. However, one of his son Cronos came back when he got older and castrated his father. He feared the same thing like his father did and so he swallowed his children. His wife managed to save one of the children namely Zeus and sent him to be brought up by the shepherds. As we all know history repeats itself, Zeus came back and gave his father a potion to vomit the rest of the children and then castrated him. He also managed to release his father’s brothers. Psychologically if a father eats his children, it’s a metaphor for a father who tries to take over his childrens’ lives i.e no space or freedom. Zeus then shared the world with his brothers and lived in Mount Olympus with his wife Hera and his children by Hera and as well as other women. Mount Olympus was believed to be the place where all the gods and goddesses lived. In theShow MoreRelatedHistory of Psychology753 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Psychology History of Psychology Paper Shirley L Nieves October 21, 2013 PSY/310 Prof. Kelle Daniels The roots of psychology date back to Egypt and the Egyptian mystery system. Psychology has evolved from philosophy, medicine, theology, and science. Psychology evolved out of coalescence of natural science, and also the branch of philosophy which is known as epistemology, which is also known in the theory of knowledgeRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Psychology? Psychology is said to be the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The study of human behavior, development, and learning; and also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and CognitiveRead MoreThe History of Psychology2719 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: The History of Psychology Philosophical Background Psychology has no definite, absolute beginning, but there is speculation that early humans were curious about human nature. Serious study of the human psyche began in ancient times, with ancient philosophers began to record their findings and thoughts about behavior and the nature of the human mind. The name ‘psychology is from the two Greek roots, psyche and logos, which mean mind and study, respectively. Psychological thoughtRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology836 Words   |  4 PagesA History of Modern Psychology Franklyn Rivas UOPX History and Systems in Psychology 310 Lillian Fillpot May 03, 2011 A History of Modern Psychology Before psychology officially became a science, many great intellectuals of previous centuries had contributed to the philosophy behind psychology. This philosophy can be trace back to the times of the Greeks, middle ages, and the renaissance period. However, the link between philosophy and modern psychology became possible in the late 18thRead MoreEssay on The History of Psychology1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychologys history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placedRead MoreHistory of Psychology Paper1294 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Psychology Paper Jessica PSY/310 May 3, 2010 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paperRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An analysis of the history of cognitive psychology. Including key ideas, contributors, trends, etc. History of Cognitive Psychology According to G. Miller of Princeton University, cognitive psychology  is an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes. So, â€Å"since the beginning of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, there had been interest in the study of higher mental processes. But something discontinuous happened in the late 1950s, something soRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology1795 Words   |  8 Pages History and Systems of Psychology is a course requirement offered to Psychology majors and minors. This course is used to provide majors and minors with the foundation and the evolution of the field of psychology. Within this class, many scholars of discussed. Two scholars that stood out to me in this course would be John Watson and Max Wertheimer. These two particular scholars are responsible for two of the most influential and famous schools of thought, behaviorism and Gestalt psychology. TheseRead MoreThe History Of Social Psychology2266 Words   |  10 PagesThe history of social psychology goes far back in time. â€Å"Aristotle believed that humans were naturally sociable, a necessity which allows us to live together.† (McLeod) Plato was also another influencer in social psychology by saying that â€Å"the state controlled by the individual and encouraged social responsibility through social context. (McLeod) Social psychology is the section of psychology that studies i ndividuals in a social environment. It studies how people think and how they feel, and whyRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology3029 Words   |  13 Pages SOUTHWESTERN ASSEMBLIES OF GOD UNIVERSITY History and Systems of Psychology Psy 4113.00 Instructor: Dr. John Savell History and Systems of Psychology School of Thought Research Paper STUDENT DATA: Name Lauren Frost E-mail: laurenbfrost@lionmail.sagu.edu Phone: (318)372-3825 Semester: Fall 2014 Date: October 8, 2014 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is the belief that we are blissfully unaware of circumstances that dictate ones emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic school of thought looks

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

A Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis - 1592 Words

Money and acquisitiveness have always had the ability to turn people into someone they are not. Greed can tear apart families and friendships when a person neglects others for their own benefit. This is depicted perfectly in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun which follows the lives of the Youngers, an African-American family living in 1950’s South Side Chicago. The focus is on a man named Walter Younger, who has the difficult decision of choosing between his personal dream and the progression of his family, which would require him to give up his dream. Walter’s personal dream is to open up a liquor store with his buddies, but in order for his family to make real progress in the world and escape the hole that is poverty, they†¦show more content†¦In this scene, there is a profound statement made about Walter’s behavior. He is certainly prideful, but maybe his pride isnt in the right place. He seems to have more pride about money than an ything else, including his own family. In the opening scenes of the play, Walter makes it clear that to him, money matters more than most things, if not all. This is quite odd, with the fact being that he has very little of it. He treats his wife poorly, argues with her, and deliberately defies what she is doing to prove that he’s got money. He doesnt want Travis to feel like they have money problems, even though they very much do. Ultimately, up to this point, Walter has portrayed himself as a self-centered person who cares more about his own pride and how hes perceived than his family’s well being. If he continues with this careless behavior, his family may never progress. Much later, Walter has a dramatic shift in his character, with him now having a false sense of pride instead of a misplaced sense of pride. When he finally receives what he has always wanted, wealth, it changes the way he acts. However, it does not change him for the better, or allow him to improve his family’s situation. When Mama gives him the large sum of money from Walter Sr’s insurance check, she sincerely tells him, â€Å"I ain’t never stop trusting you. Like IShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of A Raisin Of The Sun Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Assignment 4: Character Analysis of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† The male protagonist of this story is Walter Lee Younger, an African American, who plays the roles of a son, husband, father, and brother. The story is set in a Chicago Southside apartment, â€Å"sometime between World War II and the present [1959]† (Hansberry 919). Walter is physically described as â€Å"a lean, intense young man in his middle thirties, inclined to quick nervous movements and erratic speech habits—and always in his voiceRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† written by Lorraine Hansberry, she is able to take us to place to see what it was like for an African American family to survive in the mid-twentieth century. The play details how the main characters are going through an evolving social and economic position, as well as the evolving gender roles. Hansberry uses the characterization of Beneatha, Ruth, and Walter in order to show the expectations and assigned gender roles for the characters in the story. In shortRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis902 Words   |  4 PagesGordon: Segregation vs. Southern Pride Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† touches on many issues African Americans faced in the early to mid-twentieth century. One can analyze Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† from many angles, and come away with different meanings. While Michelle Gordon focuses more on segregation and housing discrimination that plagued African Americans on Chicago’s Southside in Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, William Murray emphasizes on Southern Pride and heritage. ThisRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis917 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry the Younger family faces many conflicts. This is mainly because they are living in Chicago in the 1950’s. This was a time where many African Americans were discriminated, which caused the family to have many issues with money, jobs, and family. Two characters from the pay that help influence the plot would be Mama and Ruth. This i s because of the roles they play, their conflicts, and their actions towards other character. Without the roles ofRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1026 Words   |  5 PagesIn A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, one of the featured characters is outgoing and ambitious Beneatha Younger, sister of Walter and daughter of Mama. Beneatha, commonly referred to as Bennie by her family, is an aspiring doctor and currently in medical school. In addition to these desires, she also acquires relationships with Asagai and George Murchinson, two prominent male characters, throughout the course of the play. Although her career choice and relations with these men are completelyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† is a play written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalitiesRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1052 Words   |  5 PagesName Instructor Name Class Date Walter Lee Younger in A Raisin in the Sun Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, tells the story of the Younger family, an African-American family living in poverty in 1950s Chicago. The family patriarch, Walter, is a limousine driver struggling to make ends meet and desperate to find a way to propel his family toward wealth. With his father’s death comes an insurance check for $10,000 and each member of the family has different ideas on what to do withRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1322 Words   |  6 Pages Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, depicts the lives of the Younger family, an African American family living in the Southside of Chicago during the 1950s. The play takes place in their cramped apartment offering the reader insight into the arguments, discussions, and conversations that take place between the characters. In one scene, Hansberry specifically offers the reader a conversation between Asagai, an influential companion, and Beneatha to show us how disparate the Younger siblingsRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raisin In The Sun798 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play a Raisin in the Sun, Walter Lee Younger is an African American man who portrays the role of a father, son, and husband. He has a dream to invest the incoming inherence into something that may help his family in the future. Once this idea comes to him it takes over his mind, and he cannot stop thinking about it. It acts as though its a drug, he addicted to talking about it. Also, when it is broug ht up in a conversation and someone disagrees he become very defensive. In addition, he isRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of A Raisin In The Sun1299 Words   |  6 Pagessoul longs for the satisfaction of meeting a goal? The obstacles along the way may cause one trouble, but one still strives for that personal satisfaction of knowing something grand was accomplished. A Raisin In The Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, gives off many aspects of the story’s characters wanting the reward of being able to say, â€Å"I did it†. Beneatha Younger, a passionate, strong-willed woman will do whatever it takes to pursue her dream of attending medical school. Along the way of wanting

Physical Properties and Reactions free essay sample

These pages explain the relationship between the physical properties of the oxides of Period 3 elements (sodium to chlorine) and their structures. Argon is obviously omitted because it doesnt form an oxide. A quick summary of the trends The oxides The oxides well be looking at are: |Na2O |MgO |Al2O3 |SiO2 |P4O10 |SO3 |Cl2O7 | | | | | |P4O6 |SO2 |Cl2O | Those oxides in the top row are known as the highest oxides of the various elements. These are the oxides where the Period 3 elements are in their highest oxidation states. In these oxides, all the outer electrons in the Period 3 element are being involved in the bonding from just the one with sodium, to all seven of chlorines outer electrons. The structures The trend in structure is from the metallic oxides containing giant structures of ions on the left of the period via a giant covalent oxide (silicon dioxide) in the middle to molecular oxides on the right. Melting and boiling points The giant structures (the metal oxides and silicon dioxide) will have high melting and boiling points because a lot of energy is needed to break the strong bonds (ionic or covalent) operating in three dimensions. The oxides of phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine consist of individual molecules some small and simple; others polymeric. The attractive forces between these molecules will be van der Waals dispersion and dipole-dipole interactions. These vary in size depending on the size, shape and polarity of the various molecules but will always be much weaker than the ionic or covalent bonds you need to break in a giant structure. These oxides tend to be gases, liquids or low melting point solids. Electrical conductivity None of these oxides has any free or mobile electrons. That means that none of them will conduct electricity when they are solid. The ionic oxides can, however, undergo electrolysis when they are molten. They can conduct electricity because of the movement of the ions towards the electrodes and the discharge of the ions when they get there. The metallic oxides The structures Sodium, magnesium and aluminum oxides consist of giant structures containing metal ions and oxide ions. Melting and boiling points There are strong attractions between the ions in each of these oxides and these attractions need a lot of heat energy to break. These oxides therefore have high melting and boiling points. Electrical conductivity None of these conducts electricity in the solid state, but electrolysis is possible if they are molten. They conduct electricity because of the movement and discharge of the ions present. The only important example of this is in the electrolysis of aluminum oxide in the manufacture of aluminum. Whether you can electrolyze molten sodium oxide depends, of course, on whether it actually melts instead of subliming or decomposing under ordinary circumstances. If it sublimes, you wont get any liquid to electrolyze! Magnesium and aluminum oxides have melting points far too high to be able to electrolyze them in a simple lab. Silicon dioxide (silicon(IV) oxide) The structure The electronegativity of the elements increases as you go across the period, and by the time you get to silicon, there isnt enough electronegativity difference between the silicon and the oxygen to form an ionic bond. Silicon dioxide is a giant covalent structure. There are three different crystal forms of silicon dioxide. The easiest one to remember and draw is based on the diamond structure. Melting and boiling points Silicon dioxide has a high melting point varying depending on what the particular structure is (remember that the structure given is only one of three possible structures), but they are all around 1700 °C. Very strong silicon-oxygen covalent bonds have to be broken throughout the structure before melting occurs. Silicon dioxide boils at 2230 °C. Because you are talking about a different form of bonding, it doesnt make sense to try to compare these values directly with the metallic oxides. What you can safely say is that because the metallic oxides and silicon dioxide have giant structures, the melting and boiling points are all high. Electrical conductivity Silicon dioxide doesnt have any mobile electrons or ions so it doesnt conduct electricity either as a solid or a liquid. The molecular oxides Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine all form oxides which consist of molecules. Some of these molecules are fairly simple others are polymeric. We are just going to look at some of the simple ones. Melting and boiling points of these oxides will be much lower than those of the metal oxides or silicon dioxide. The intermolecular forces holding one molecule to its neighbors’ will be van der Waals dispersion forces or dipole-dipole interactions. The strength of these will vary depending on the size of the molecules. None of these oxides conducts electricity either as solids or as liquids. None of them contains ions or free electrons. The phosphorus oxides Phosphorus has two common oxides, phosphorus (III) oxide, P4O6, and phosphorus (V) oxide, P4O10. Phosphorus (III) oxide (tetraphosphorus hexoxide) Phosphorus (III) oxide is a white solid, melting at 24 °C and boiling at 173 °C. The phosphorus is using only three of its outer electrons (the 3 unpaired p electrons) to form bonds with the oxygens. Phosphorus (V) oxide (tetraphosphorus decoxide) Phosphorus (V) oxide is also a white solid, subliming (turning straight from solid to vapour) at 300 °C. In this case, the phosphorus uses all five of its outer electrons in the bonding. Solid phosphorus(V) oxide exists in several different forms some of them polymeric. We are going to concentrate on a simple molecular form, and this is also present in the vapour. This is most easily drawn starting from P4O6. The other four oxygens are attached to the four phosphorus atoms via double bonds. [pic] The sulphur oxides Sulphur has two common oxides, sulphur dioxide (sulphur (IV) oxide), SO2, and sulphur trioxide (sulphur (VI) oxide), SO3. Sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas at room temperature with an easily recognized choking smell. It consists of simple SO2 molecules. [pic] The sulphur uses 4 of its outer electrons to form the double bonds with the oxygen, leaving the other two as a lone pair on the sulphur. The bent shape of SO2 is due to this lone pair. Sulphur trioxide Pure sulphur trioxide is a white solid with a low melting and boiling point. It reacts very rapidly with water vapour in the air to form sulphuric acid. That means that if you make some in the lab, you tend to see it as a white sludge which fumes dramatically in moist air (forming a fog of sulphuric acid droplets). Gaseous sulphur trioxide consists of simple SO3 molecules in which all six of the sulphurs outer electrons are involved in the bonding. [pic] There are various forms of solid sulphur trioxide. The simplest one is a trimer, S3O9, where three SO3 molecules are joined up and arranged in a ring. The fact that the simple molecules join up in this way to make bigger structures is what makes the sulphur trioxide a solid rather than a gas. The chlorine oxides Chlorine forms several oxides. Here we are just looking at two of them – chlorine (I) oxide (dichlorine monoxide), Cl2O, and chlorine (VII) oxide (dichlorine heptoxide), Cl2O7. Chlorine (I) oxide (dichlorine monoxide) Chlorine (I) oxide is a yellowish-red gas at room temperature. It consists of simple small molecules. [pic] Theres nothing in the least surprising about this molecule and its physical properties are just what you would expect for a molecule this size. Chlorine (VII) oxide (dichlorine heptoxide) In chlorine (VII) oxide, the chlorine uses all of its seven outer electrons in bonds with oxygen. This produces a much bigger molecule, and so you would expect its melting point and boiling point to be higher than chlorine (I) oxide. Chlorine (VII) oxide is a colourless oily liquid at room temperature. The diagram has been drawn as a standard structural formula for simplicity. In fact, the shape is tetrahedral around both chlorines, and V-shaped around the central oxygen. [pic] PROPERTIES OF THE PERIOD 3 CHLORIDES This page looks at the structures of the chlorides of the Period 3 elements (sodium to sulphur*), their physical properties and their reactions with water. Chlorine and argon are omitted chlorine because it is meaningless to talk about chlorine chloride, and argon because it doesnt form a chloride. A quick summary of the trends The chlorides The chlorides well be looking at are: |NaCl |MgCl2 |AlCl3 |SiCl4 |PCl5 |S2Cl2 | | | | | |PCl3 | | As you will see later, aluminum chloride exists in some circumstances as a dimer, Al2Cl6. The structures Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride are ionic and consist of giant ionic lattices at room temperature Aluminum chloride and phosphorus (V) chloride are tricky! They change their structure from ionic to covalent when the solid turns to a liquid or vapour. There is much more about this later on this page. The others are simple covalent molecules. Melting and boiling points Sodium and magnesium chlorides are solids with high melting and boiling points because of the large amount of heat (energy) which is needed to break the strong ionic attractions. The rest are liquids or low melting point solids. Leaving aside the aluminum chloride and phosphorus (V) chloride cases where the situation is quite complicated, the attractions in the others will be much weaker intermolecular forces such as van der Waals dispersion forces. These vary depending on the size and shape of the molecule, but will always be far weaker than ionic bonds. Electrical conductivity Sodium and magnesium chlorides are ionic and so will undergo electrolysis when they are molten. Electricity is carried by the movement of the ions and their discharge at the electrodes. In the aluminum chloride and phosphorus (V) chloride cases, the solid doesnt conduct electricity because the ions arent free to move. In the liquid (where it exists both of these sublime at ordinary pressures), they have converted into a covalent form, and so dont conduct either. The rest of the chlorides dont conduct electricity either solid or molten because they dont have any ions or any mobile electrons. Reactions with water As an approximation, the simple ionic chlorides (sodium and magnesium chloride) just dissolve in water. The other chlorides all react with water in a variety of ways described below for each individual chloride. The reaction with water is known as hydrolysis. The Individual Chlorides Sodium chloride, NaCl Sodium chloride is a simple ionic compound consisting of a giant array of sodium and chloride ions. A small representative bit of a sodium chloride lattice looks like this: [pic] This is normally drawn in an exploded form as: [pic] The strong attractions between the positive and negative ions need a lot of heat energy to break, and so sodium chloride has high melting and boiling points. It doesnt conduct electricity in the solid state because it hasnt any mobile electrons and the ions arent free to move. However, when it melts it undergoes electrolysis. Sodium chloride simply dissolves in water to give a neutral solution. Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 Magnesium chloride is also ionic, but with a more complicated arrangement of the ions to allow for having twice as many chloride ions as magnesium ions. Again, lots of heat energy is needed to overcome the attractions between the ions, and so the melting and boiling points are again high. Solid magnesium chloride is a non-conductor of electricity because the ions arent free to move. However, it undergoes electrolysis when the ions become free on melting. Magnesium chloride dissolves in water to give a faintly acidic solution (pH = approximately 6). When magnesium ions are broken off the solid lattice and go into solution, there is enough attraction between the 2+ ions and the water molecules to get co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds formed between the magnesium ions and lone pairs on surrounding water molecules. Hexaaquamagnesium ions are formed, [Mg(H2O)6]2+. [pic][pic] Ions of this sort are acidic the degree of acidity depending on how much the electrons in the water molecules are pulled towards the metal at the centre of the ion. The hydrogens are made more positive than they would otherwise be, and more easily pulled off by a base. In the magnesium case, the amount of distortion is quite small, and only a small proportion of the hydrogen atoms are removed by a base in this case, by water molecules in the solution. [pic][pic] The presence of the hydronium ions in the solution causes it to be acidic. The fact that there arent many of them formed (the position of equilibrium lies well to the left), means that the solution is only weakly acidic. You may also find the last equation in a simplified form: [pic][pic] Hydrogen ions in solution are hydronium ions. If you use this form, it is essential to include the state symbols. Aluminum chloride, AlCl3 Electronegativity increases as you go across the period and, by the time you get to aluminum; there isnt enough electronegativity difference between aluminum and chlorine for there to be a simple ionic bond. Aluminum chloride is complicated by the way its structure changes as temperature increases. At room temperature, the aluminum in aluminum chloride is 6-coordinated. That means that each aluminum is surrounded by 6 chlorines. The structure is an ionic lattice although with a lot of covalent character. At ordinary atmospheric pressure, aluminum chloride sublimes (turns straight from solid to vapour) at about 180 °C. If the pressure is raised to just over 2 atmospheres, it melts instead at a temperature of 192 °C. Both of these temperatures, of course, are completely wrong for an ionic compound they are much too low. They suggest comparatively weak attractions between molecules not strong attractions between ions. The coordination of the aluminum changes at these temperatures. It becomes 4-coordinated each aluminum now being surrounded by 4 chlorines rather than 6. What happens is that the original lattice has converted into Al2Cl6 molecules. [pic] This conversion means, of course, that you have completely lost any ionic character which is why the aluminum chloride vaporizes or melts (depending on the pressure). There is an equilibrium between these dimers and simple AlCl3 molecules. As the temperature increases further, the position of equilibrium shifts more and more to the right. [pic][pic] Summary †¢ At room temperature, solid aluminum chloride has an ionic lattice with a lot of covalent character. At temperatures around 180 190 °C (depending on the pressure), aluminum chloride coverts to a molecular form, Al2Cl6. This causes it to melt or vaporize because there are now only comparatively weak intermolecular attractions. †¢ As the temperature increases a bit more, it increasingly breaks up into simple AlCl3 molecules. Solid aluminum chloride doesnt conduct electricity at room temperature because the ions arent free to move. Mo lten aluminum chloride (only possible at increased pressures) doesnt conduct electricity because there arent any ions any more. The aluminum chloride reacts with the water rather than just dissolving in it. In the first instance, hexaaquaaluminum ions are formed together with chloride ions. [pic][pic] You will see that this is very similar to the magnesium chloride equation given above the only real difference is the charge on the ion. That extra charge pulls electrons from the water molecules quite strongly towards the aluminum. That makes the hydrogens more positive and so easier to remove from the ion. In other words, this ion is much more acidic than in the corresponding magnesium case. These equilibria (whichever you choose to write) lie further to the right, and so the solution formed is more acidic there are more hydroxonium ions in it. [pic][pic] or, more simply: [pic][pic] Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4 Silicon tetrachloride is a simple no-messing-about covalent chloride. There isnt enough electronegativity difference between the silicon and the chlorine for the two to form ionic bonds. Silicon tetrachloride is a colourless liquid at room temperature which fumes in moist air. The only attractions between the molecules are van der Waals dispersion forces. It doesnt conduct electricity because of the lack of ions or mobile electrons. It fumes in moist air because it reacts with water in the air to produce hydrogen chloride. If you add water to silicon tetrachloride, there is a violent reaction to produce silicon dioxide and fumes of hydrogen chloride. In a large excess of water, the hydrogen chloride will, of course, dissolve to give a strongly acidic solution containing hydrochloric acid. [pic] The phosphorus chlorides There are two phosphorus chlorides – phosphorus (III) chloride, PCl3, and phosphorus (V) chloride, PCl5. Phosphorus (III) chloride (phosphorus trichloride), PCl3 This is another simple covalent chloride again a fuming liquid at room temperature. It is a liquid because there are only van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions between the molecules. It doesnt conduct electricity because of the lack of ions or mobile electrons. Phosphorus (III) chloride reacts violently with water. You get phosphorous acid, H3PO3, and fumes of hydrogen chloride (or a solution containing hydrochloric acid if lots of water is used). [pic][pic] Phosphorus (V) chloride (phosphorus pentachloride), PCl5 Unfortunately, phosphorus (V) chloride is structurally more complicated. Phosphorus (V) chloride is a white solid which sublimes at 163 °C. The higher the temperature goes above that, the more the phosphorus (V) chloride dissociates (splits up reversibly) to give phosphorus (III) chloride and chlorine. [pic][pic] Solid phosphorus (V) chloride contains ions which is why it is a solid at room temperature. The formation of the ions involves two molecules of PCl5. A chloride ion transfers from one of the original molecules to the other, leaving a positive ion, [PCl4]+, and a negative ion, [PCl6]-. At 163 °C, the phosphorus (V) chloride converts to a simple molecular form containing PCl5 molecules. Because there are only van der Waals dispersion forces between these, it then vaporizes. Solid phosphorus (V) chloride doesnt conduct electricity because the ions arent free to move. Phosphorus (V) chloride has a violent reaction with water producing fumes of hydrogen chloride. As with the other covalent chlorides, if there is enough water present, these will dissolve to give a solution containing hydrochloric acid. The overall equation in boiling water is: pic] *Disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2* Disulphur dichloride is a simple covalent liquid orange and smelly! The shape is surprisingly difficult to draw convincingly! The atoms are all joined up in a line but twisted: [pic] The reason for drawing the shape is to give a hint about what sort of intermolecular attractions are possible. There is no plane of symmetry in the molecule and that means that it will have an overall permanent d ipole. The liquid will have van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions. There are no ions in disulphur dichloride and no mobile electrons so it never conducts electricity. Disulphur dichloride reacts slowly with water to produce a complex mixture of things including hydrochloric acid, sulphur, hydrogen sulphide and various sulphur-containing acids and anions (negative ions). There is no way that you can write a single equation for this and one would never be expected in an exam. Summary 1. Physical properties of oxides: The physical properties of these oxides depend on the type of bonding. Na2O, Al2O3 and MgO are ionic oxides and hence have a high melting point. MgO and Al2O3 have a higher melting point than Na2O since the charges are higher, resulting in a stronger attraction between the ions. SiO2 has a giant covalent structure and hence a high melting point. There are strong covalent bonds between all the atoms and thus lots of energy is required to break them. P4O10 and SO3 are molecular covalent and so only intermolecular forces exist between the molecules. The melting points are thus much lower. P4O10 is a much bigger molecule than SO3 and so has a much higher melting point, as the van der Waal’s forces are stronger. Element |Na |Mg |Al |Si |P |S | |Formulae of oxide |Na2O |MgO |Al2O3 |SiO2 |P4O10 |SO3 | |Structure of oxide |Ionic |Ionic |Mostly ionic |Giant covalent |Molecular covalent|Molecular covalent | |Melting point of oxide / °C |1275 |2852 |2072 |1703 |300 |-10 | 2. Acid-base character of oxides.